Tracking Adversaries: The Qilin RaaS
This blog is part of my Tracking Adversaries blog series, whereby I perform a summary analysis of a particular adversary that has caught my attention and made me feel like they deserve special attention and investigation.
Qilin has been covered already by experts from Trend
Micro, Secureworks,
Group-IB, SentinelOne,
SOCRadar,
BleepingComputer,
and MalwareHunterTeam.
Kudos to them, because without these researchers sharing their findings with
the community, we would be a lot less informed about this prominent ransomware
gang.
Background
Active since at least May 2022, Qilin ransomware is named
after the mythical Chinese
creature which you may pronounce as "Chee-lin". The origin of this cybercriminal threat group, however, is
believed to be from Russia.
Like many other ransomware campaigns run by organised
cybercriminal gangs, Qilin ransomware is used for domain-wide encryption of
servers and workstations and its operators steal vast quantities of data. A
ransom is then demanded for the decryption keys and/or to prevent the
publication of the stolen data. This is also known as double extortion.
Qilin is a Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS), which means that cybercriminals
external to the core Qilin team (also known as ransomware affiliates) are invited
to perform ransomware attacks using the Qilin RaaS platform. The Qilin RaaS
will handle payload generation, the publication of stolen data, and ransom
negotiations.
Adversary
The Qilin RaaS operators are also tracked as Water Galura (Trend Micro) and GOLD FEATHER (Secureworks). Qilin is advertised on the exclusive Russian-speaking forum RAMP (short for Ransom Anon Market Place [sic]), where acquiring an account can cost up to $500 in BTC. The forum profile “Haise” joined RAMP on 29 May 2022 and advertised Qilin on 13 February 2023 (see Figure 1).
Further, according to Group-IB, Qilin affiliates that use
the RaaS can receive up to 80% if the ransom is paid by the victim (if the
ransom paid is 3 million USD or less). And for ransoms over 3 million USD an
affiliate's cut can rise to 85%.
In July 2023, KELA spotted
that Qilin announced significant changes to their affiliate payment system. The
Qilin RaaS operator Haise stated on RAMP that ransom payments are paid to their
affiliates’ wallets first and only then a share of profits is transferred to
the Qilin RaaS owners.
Victims
In October 2022, the first victim of Qilin was posted to
their Tor data leak site. However, there are reports of Qilin (formerly known
as Agenda) being deployed as early as June 2022. From Q2 2023, the number of
Qilin victims began to steadily be listed at a rate of around five victims per
month. Since the start of 2024, the number of Qilin victims has noticeably
increased (see Figure 2). Do note, however, these are the Qilin victims that
are not paying the ransoms who are being leaked. Trying to research the actual
true amount of ransomware attacks is a difficult
challenge.
Figure 2: Frequency
of Qilin victim posts. (Source: Ransomware.live)
Victims of Qilin have been globally dispersed. The
affiliates of Qilin appear to indiscriminately target large companies from
around the world, which includes organisations from Argentina, Australia,
Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Serbia,
Thailand, The Netherlands, the UAE, the UK and the US. Some of Qilin’s most
notable victims include the automotive giant Yanfeng,
UK newspaper The
Big Issue, and most importantly Synnovis,
a healthcare provider for multiple hospitals in London and a major part of the
UK National Health Service (NHS).
Further, as is typical of the Russian-speaking cybercriminal
underground, the operators of Qilin stated “We do not work in the CIS
countries” in their RAMP forum post. This means they do not allow their
affiliates to deploy Qilin ransomware or extort victims from the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS), which are all the countries that used to make up
the Soviet Union (USSR).
In mid-2023, KELA observed Qilin
affiliates demanding ransoms in the range of 25,000 to 600,000 USD and identified
a real estate development company in Thailand paying 600,000 USD after 20 days
of negotiations.
Capabilities
At the time of writing, only a handful of public resources
are available on the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of Qilin
affiliates with Trend Micro being the primary contributor (big thanks to them
for sharing with the community).
Not too much has been shared publicly about the initial
access methods leveraged by Qilin affiliates. Trend Micro, however, has reportedly
observed one Qilin affiliate use stolen credentials to access a public-facing
Citrix servers for the point of entry, but how the credentials were stolen in
the first place is unknown – potentially via an earlier intrusion by an initial
access broker (IAB) or from infostealer malware logs. KELA also tweeted that
they saw a Qilin affiliate claiming they gained access via a phishing email
during a ransom negotiation with a victim.
Qilin affiliate post-compromise TTPs also appear to vary
somewhat and only limited information is available in open sources. Trend Micro
observed
one affiliate using Nmap and Nping for internal enumeration and RDP with valid
credentials for lateral movement. Another affiliate was found
to be using a combination of Cobalt Strike and remote monitoring and management
(RMM) tools, though Trend Micro did not say which one(s). To disable endpoint
protection and response (EDR) systems, Qilin affiliates are known to use the
bring-your-own-vulnerable-driver (BYOVD) trick using Terminator.exe
by SpyBoy or the publicly available rootkit tool called YDArk. Secureworks stated
they saw a Qilin affiliate using PCHunter and PowerTool. Data exfiltration TTPs
by Qilin affiliates have not been shared publicly either.
For ransomware distribution, the final stage of the
intrusion, Qilin operators have reportedly
used an Active Directory Group Policy Object (GPO) to create a scheduled task
called enc64.exe. The first version of Qilin (formerly called Agenda) would
also change the default user’s password and enable automatic login with the new
credentials. Plus it would reboot the victim’s machine in safe mode and then
proceed with the encryption routine upon reboot to bypass protection systems.
The Rust version of Qilin ransomware has also been deployed
using a custom PowerShell script embedded in the binary to propagate across VMware
vCenter and ESXi servers as well as via PsExec, the Windows Sysinternals tool.
Another notable TTP about Qilin ransomware that SentinelOne highlighted
is that it uses intermittent encryption, reportedly to bypass protections.
As for the ransom notes, in August 2022, Trend Micro uncovered the first version of the ransomware, which was called Agenda and was later renamed to Qilin (see Figure 3 and 4).
There are multiple versions of Qilin ransomware. This
includes a Golang
variant and Rust
variant to target Windows. Plus, since
December 2023, a custom-coded version of Qilin to target Linux virtual machines
on VMware
ESXi hypervisors. This is notable as many other ransomware gangs that
target ESXi often just use the leaked
Babuk source code.
Infrastructure
The Qilin ransom notes shown above are dropped on the encrypted devices at victim organisations. If a victim follows the instructions in the ransom notes they are greeted with a “recovery portal” hosted on Tor as part of the Qilin RaaS for ransom negotiations and decryption (see Figure 5).
Figure 5: Qilin
victim recovery portal. (Source : BleepingComputer
Forums)
If a victim does not pay the ransom to Qilin, then their
data is posted to the Qilin Tor Data Leak Site, which has also gone through an
upgrade and the operators have since added some more Qilin branding graphics
(see Figure 6).
In May 2023, Group-IB disclosed that they
managed to infiltrate the Qilin group in March 2023 and managed to gain
visibility to the Qilin RaaS (see Figure 7, 8, and 9), highlighting the power
of human intelligence (HUMINT) and undercover operations. The RaaS platform
operates similarly to others we have seen in the past. Affiliates get access to
a panel to build customisable payloads for Windows and ESXi, publish stolen victim
files to the data leak site, negotiate with victims for the ransom payments,
and read some guidance shared by the RaaS operators on how to use Qilin
ransomware.
Figure 8: Qilin RaaS
customisable options. (Source: Group-IB)
Figure 9: Qilin ransomware usage guide. (Source:
Group-IB)
Alongside their Tor data leak site, Qilin also runs another
Telegram news channel to make announcements (see Figure 10).
Figure 10: Telegram
channel of Qilin ransomware.
On 1 May 2024, Qilin pulled an unusual move and added a new QR
code to its Tor data leak site which pointed to a site called WikiLeaksV2,
which is hosted on the Clearnet site (see on URLscan here) where they
listed a selection of their victims in addition to soliciting cryptocurrency
donations (see Figure 11).
Figure 11: WikiLeaksV2
created by Qilin. (Source: @BrettCallow)
Overlaps between Qilin and other ransomware groups
At the time of writing, Qilin has listed over 100
organisations as victims on their Tor data leak site. Among those victims,
there have been overlaps with over ransomware ‘name-and-shame’ sites. On the 30
April 2023, Qilin published
the Siix Corporation to its Tor data leak site. On the 17 October 2023,
ALPHV/BlackCat also published
Siix Corporation to its Tor data leak site. On 26 October 2023, SG World appeared on
the Qilin Tor data leak site. It was previously listed
on the Conti Tor data leak site on 17 April 2021.
Interestingly, following the overlaps in victims between Qilin, ALPHV/BlackCat, and Conti, Microsoft shared that Pistachio Tempest (formerly DEV-0237 and also known as FIN12) was experimenting with Qilin ransomware back in June 2022, back when it was called Agenda ransomware still (see Figure 12). Pistachio Tempest is known for deploying Ryuk, Conti, Hive, and became a prolific ALPHV/BlackCat affiliate. The link to FIN12 also closely aligns with the usage of Qilin against healthcare targets (particularly the UK NHS), which is a well-documented TTP of the group.
Figure 12: DEV-0237 usage of Qilin. (Source: Microsoft)
Additional similarities between Qilin and other well-known ransomware families include features such as the user verification system on the Qilin victim recovery portal is very similar to that of BlackMatter (the predecessor of ALPHV/BlackCat). Other features of the Golang variant of Qilin such as the function of changing system passwords and rebooting into safe mode is reminiscent of REvil and BlackBasta. REvil has several ties to ALPHV/BlackCat and BlackBasta is a known descendent of the Conti gang.Further, the Rust
variant of Qilin prompts the user for a password to be passed as an
argument which is a feature reminiscent of ALPHV/BlackCat, which was also
written in Rust. Another finding was that SCATTERED SPIDER, an affiliate of the
ALPHV/BlackCat RaaS is also regularly known
to use the BYOVD technique to bypass EDR systems. Plus, Terminator.exe has also
been deployed during
ALPHV/BlackCat ransomware attacks in June 2023 as well as leveraged by Akira
ransomware affiliates, who also have ties
to Conti.
Conclusion
So far, Qilin appears to be nothing special but is evidently attracting the affiliates leftover from the Conti shutdown, the ALPHV/BlackCat
exit scam, and is likely to also be a benefactor of the LockBit takedown. The
numerous overlaps between affiliates, victims, features and design choices
indicate just how closely the ransomware ecosystem is all
interconnected. Due to Qilin being relatively new but virtually mirroring the
functionality of ALPHV/BlackCat does make it highly likely that some of the
same Russian-speaking cybercriminals associated with ALPHV/BlackCat are
associated with Qilin.
Therefore, it seems Qilin may be the next big RaaS to fill
the vacuum left by the other big RaaS shutting down or getting taken down.
However, there is a big question mark around whether they can withstand the
pressure from international law enforcement joint operations. Qilin shall
almost certainly be receiving a lot of extra attention since the UK National Health
Service was attacked. Therefore it is likely safe to assume that the operators
behind Operation Cronos at the UK National Crime Agency (NCA) shall be looking
closely into Qilin.
Additional Resources
https://id-ransomware.blogspot.com/2022/06/agenda-ransomware.html
https://github.com/rivitna/Malware/blob/main/Qilin/Qilin_samples.txt
Qilin Data Leak Site: ozsxj4hwxub7gio347ac7tyqqozvfioty37skqilzo2oqfs4cw2mgtyd[.]onion
Qilin Victim Portal: kbsqoivihgdmwczmxkbovk7ss2dcynitwhhfu5yw725dboqo5kthfaad[.]onion
Qilin Clearnet Site: wikileaksv2[.]com
(31.41.244[.]100)
