Lessons from the Conti Leaks

-

 

If you wanted to learn how an organized cybercriminal operation worked, look no further than the threat group known as Conti. The recent leaks of the group's chat logs have uncovered an unprecedented wealth of information and insights into how these veteran cybercriminals organize themselves. 

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) vendors and independent researchers have spent weeks poring over the Conti leaked chat logs and have uncovered dozens of very significant findings. 

In this blog, I didn't want to duplicate what is already known (too much). I wanted to share some of the findings that I thought were the most interesting to me. To rapidly get up to speed on the Conti Leaks, I highly recommend other researchers to read the work in the following blogs:

            I will also recommend to read what other researchers have tweeted about what they found in the Conti Leaks:

            With those out of the way, we can get to the meat of this blog. I cannot emphasize enough that these leaks are gargantuan and span years of the group's operations. I seem to find something new every time I take another look at them but now have enough for a blog of my own.

            Reconnaissance

            One major discovery in the Conti leaks is that multiple vendors have covered is the existence of an "OSINT Team" who gathers details on Conti's targets. This team uses multiple techniques, as well as commercial tools, to find every piece of information about a target that will support the end goal of domain-wide Conti ransomware deployment. This OSINT Team also may engage with the targets (HUMINT), posing as marketing or sales people, gathering details and information about managers, executives, and how the company operates for exploitation later.

            Fig. 1 - Overview of the Conti OSINT Team

            Phishing

            It is well-documented that Conti ransomware attacks often begin via a phishing email. The group has been launching widespread and targeted phishing campaigns for years using a multitude of tactics. The Conti Leaks also shared some insights into how these phishing campaigns are orchestrated.

            Fig. 2 - Example Phishing Email Templates used by Conti

            Fig. 3 - Iterable Email Marketing Dashboard shared in Conti Leaks in September 2020

            Malware

            The Conti Leaks revealed details on how a persistent cybercriminal operation develops its malware campaigns. The image below (see Fig. 4) highlights how the group works to test and develop its payloads against common detections systems used by its targets, such as ESET and Windows Defender.

            Fig. 4 - Conti members testing and making payloads fully undetectable (FUD)

            Command and Control (C2)

            Like any malware group, Conti needs server and hosting infrastructure to be able to launch its campaigns. This includes payload staging servers, proxy servers, C2 domains, Virtual Private Servers (VPS), and remote storage for exfiltrated data.

            Fig. 5 - Conti members discussed using ZEHost for hosting 

            Fig. 6 - Unknown botnet C2 panel shared by a Conti member 

            Tradecraft, Exploits, and 0days

            What sets Conti apart from the rest of their peers in the cybercrime ecosystem is that members of this ransomware group are innovators and quick to leverage newly disclosed techniques. The Conti Leaks revealed multiple techniques used by Conti that had not been previously discussed publicly online. 

            Fig. 7 - Conti member "target" stating intentions in September 2020 to acquire a developer account in the Microsoft Store to approve their own files

            Fig. 8 - Conti member "giovanni" sharing a manual (aka "mana") for the PetitPotam exploit for Microsoft’s NTLM authentication system in August 2021

            Fig. 9 - Conti member "mango" sharing the opportunity to buy a 0day privilege escalation exploit in the Windows WIDFRD.sys driver for "60k" in June 2021

            Fig. 10 - Conti member "revers" shares that they read reports on the "Turla" group (a Russian cyber-espionage APT linked to the FSB) 

            A Cybercrime Empire

            Researchers have stated that they believe Conti has up to 150+ members worldwide. If we do the math, each member is allegedly getting paid on average $2,000 per month which equals around roughly $300,000 per month in Conti "employee" salaries and roughly $3,600,000 per year. This is a LOT for a cybercrime group. With this amount of purchasing-power, it is only natural Conti leadership began to wonder about acquisitions and starting their own forums, carding shops, and even cryptocurrency platforms.

            Fig. 11 - Conti members design what their new cybercrime forum might look like 

            Fig. 12 - Logo of "McDuckGroup" shared to Conti Leaks

            Researchers shared screenshots of all the links pasted into the Conti chats. One stood out to me: a logo with "McDuckGroup" and Scrooge McDuck. While some researchers I collaborate with theorized this was a ransomware rebrand, I managed to uncover it was the logo for a carding market currently under development. After Googling "McDuckGroup", a site called "mcduckgroup[.]shop" popped up as the first result. This is evidently a carding marketing due to the search bars for BIN numbers, Expiry dates, cardholder names, and addresses. Currently no data has been loaded onto the site.

            Ransomware

            A number of other ransomware groups are mentioned in the Conti Leaks. Trellix researchers highlighted how representatives of NetWalker, MAZE, and LockBit all have a presence in the Conti chat server. Ryuk, Diavol, REvil, AvosLocker, BlackMatter, and Crylock ransomware families are all also mentioned in the Conti Leaks. 

            Fig. 13 - "bomba777" and "gagarin66" (a MAZE affiliate) discuss REvil depositing 900k in Bitcoin to XSS[.]is

            Fig. 14 - "rags" discusses REvil arrests in January 2022 by Russian FSB, blaming them for the alleged crackdown on cryptocurrency in Russia

            Fig. 15 - "CRYPTOHAZARD" leak site linked to MAZE ransomware (newsmaze[.]top)

            Fig. 16 - "mango" and "stern" shared adverts for AvosLocker and BlackMatter

            Fig. 17 - Logos and designs for CryLock ransomware shared to Conti server

            Fig. 18 - Conti V3 Locker source code disclosed publicly by @contileaks Twitter account

            Samples of Conti v3 
            • locker.exe e1b147aa2efa6849743f570a3aca8390faf4b90aed490a5682816dd9ef10e473 
            • locker_x86.dll fb737da1b74e8c84e6d8bd7f2d879603c27790e290c04a21e00fbde5ed86eee3 
            • cryptor.exe 5f3ae6e0d2e118ed31e7c38b652f4e59f5d5745398596c8b31248eda059778af

            Closing Comments

            The Conti Leaks have provided cybercrime researchers an unparalleled look into how Russian-speaking organized hacking groups operate. The leaks also supplement the Conti Playbook that was leaked by a disgruntled member in August 2021. As a community of cybersecurity researchers, we now know more about the Conti ransomware group than any other threat group in history.

            For the Conti group itself, however, it appears to be business as usual (BAU). Less than one week after the Conti chats were leaked, new victims were uploaded to the ContiNews darknet site. 

            Fig. 19 - New victims added to ContiNews shortly after the Conti Leaks

            BleepingComputer also reported on hacktivist groups, such as Network Battalion 65 (aka NB65), are leveraging a modified version of the leaked Conti v3 source code already. The group has targeted organizations in Russia for retribution over the invasion in Ukraine. (Sample available here)

            Fig. 20 - NB65 modified version of Conti v3 ransomware

            Conti has seemingly recovered from the leaks and might be at the 'too big to fail' stage of operations. The Russian state is clearly fully aware of Conti's operations and allows them to operate with impunity. Researchers at Trellix highlighted the group's connections to the Russian state and how the intelligence services also benefit from Conti's coveted network access to high-profile organizations around the world.

            Lastly, I hope you enjoyed the blog. There are still likely some secrets yet to be revealed in the Conti Leaks. I appreciate the help and resources shared by researchers online. S/O to Curated Intel, Trellix, Intel471, Secureworks, The DFIR Report, and researchers such as @vk_intel, @pancak3lullz, and @c3rb3ru5d3d53c, and many others!

            Popular posts from this blog

            Raspberry Robin: A global USB malware campaign providing access to ransomware operators

            -
            Image
            Logo credit: RedCanary Ever since it first appeared in late 2021, the Raspberry Robin malware campaign has been propagating globally. A number of threat intelligence reports by vendors such as RedCanary (who named it) and Microsoft (who track it as DEV-0856/Storm-0856) have covered the malware campaign in great detail.  In fact, the list of blogs I do recommend to read to catch up on this threat are as follows: https://redcanary.com/blog/raspberry-robin https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/10/27/raspberry-robin-worm-part-of-larger-ecosystem-facilitating-pre-ransomware-activity https://blog.sekoia.io/raspberry-robins-botnet-second-life/ https://decoded.avast.io/janvojtesek/raspberry-robins-roshtyak-a-little-lesson-in-trickery/ https://research.checkpoint.com/2023/raspberry-robin-anti-evasion-how-to-exploit-analysis/ https://securityintelligence.com/posts/raspberry-robin-worm-dridex-malware/ https://blogs.cisco.com/security/raspberry-robin-highly-evasive-worm-spreads-over-e
            Read more

            Lessons from the iSOON Leaks

            -
            Image
              Introduction A Chinese Ministry of Public Security (MPS) contractor called  iSOON (also known as Anxun Information) that  specializes in network penetration research and related services has had its data leaked to GitHub. Based on the level of detail, leaked chat logs, amount of data, and corroboration from overlaps indicators of compromise (IOCs), there is a high level of confidence it is legit. Preliminary findings from less than one week since the leak revealed that it contains unprecedented insights into how the Chinese MPS operates by using Chinese commercial surveillance vendors and what their technical capabilities are. The Chinese MPS is China’s internal security service that primarily focuses on  internal and border security, counter-terrorism, surveillance. The MPS is comparable to the  Russian FSB, the US DHS or the UK’s MI5. The most interesting findings have come from iSOON’s product whitepapers and confidential slide deck presentations given to their MPS clients. About
            Read more

            The Ransomware Tool Matrix

            -
            Image
            Introduction Ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly damaging, but one thing remains consistent: the tools these cybercriminals rely on. The Ransomware Tool Matrix is a comprehensive resource that sheds light on the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) commonly used by ransomware and extortionist gangs. This repository provides defenders with actionable intelligence on the tools frequently leveraged by adversaries, thanks to the insights shared publicly by the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)'s #StopRansomware advisories and The DFIR Report's publications, among others. This repository offers straightforward insights from compiled open source intelligence (OSINT) research that can be directly applied to threat hunting, detection engineering, and incident response operations. Project Background As defenders, we can turn the tables by exploiting a crucial flaw committed by ransomware gangs: tool reuse. Many ransomware gangs repeatedly rely on
            Read more